Tax residency – CRS

CRS ("Common Reporting Standard") is a global standard for the automatic exchange of information on financial accounts. The standard requires financial institutions to identify financial accounts held by customers with a tax residence in another state or jurisdiction other than its own. The objective of CRS is to fight international tax evasion.

CRS entered into force on the 1st of January 2016. All financial institutions must by then:

• identify new individual and entity customers’ tax residencies (including customers that only have a domestic tax residency),
• review existing individual and entity customers in order to identify customers with a tax residency outside the bank country (end date 31 Dec 2017),
• identify certain corporate/entity customers, and their beneficial owners/controlling persons who have a tax residency other the bank country, and
• report the customers with other tax residency/-ies than the bank country to the local Tax Authority.

The CRS regulation is based on the FATCA regulations, but CRS also differs in significant aspects in comparison with FATCA. The main difference is that CRS encompasses numerous countries and customers compared to FATCA which only covered the United States and account holders who have a tax residency in the United States.

All EU Member States are participating in CRS and have signed an agreement on automatic exchange of financial information (the DAC II directive).

CRS affects individuals and corporates/entities that are tax resident in any country other than the bank country, and who holds a product in scope for the CRS.

The term "tax residence" means that a person is resident in a country (tax residence) for tax purposes in accordance with internal law.

Corporate/Entity

Generally, an entity will be resident for tax purposes in a jurisdiction if, under the laws of that jurisdiction, it pays or should be paying tax therein by reason of its domicile, residence, place of management or incorporation, or other criterion of a similar nature.

Subsidiaries/Branches of entities

The tax residence of the branch of an entity is normally only in the country of tax residence of the entity to which the branch belongs. Example: a Swedish subsidiary/branch of a Danish company normally only have tax residence in Denmark.

When is an entity tax resident in another country?

The domestic laws of the other countries lay down the conditions under which an entity is to be treated as tax resident. They cover various forms of attachment to a country which, in the domestic tax laws, form the basis of a comprehensive taxation (full tax liability).

Individuals

In general, tax residence is the country in which you live. Special circumstances (such as studying abroad, working overseas, or extended travel) may cause you to be resident elsewhere or resident in more than one country at the same time. 

When is an individual tax resident in another country?

In general, the tax residence is the same as the permanent residence or whereabouts. However, each country has its own set of rules for determining tax residence.

For more information about tax residency rules in a certain jurisdiction, please visit the OECD Automatic Exchange PortalÖppnas i nytt fönster.

If the customer has questions about how to determine their tax residency, the customer should consult a tax advisor or contact their local tax authority.

Banks and other financial institutions such as securities institutions, fund management companies, investment companies and life insurance companies are obliged to identify all of their customers according to the CRS regulation. Further these institutions must report customers and their customers’ financial assets to the tax authorities. 

The tax authorities will in turn send the data to the tax authorities in other CRS-countries.

The CRS as well as FATCA is part of the common customer due diligence procedures. Nordea will ask new questions to customers when they, for example, open a new account, when investing in financial assets or when amounts are paid or credited from life insurance benefits/contracts. 

With the help of the answers, Nordea can identify the customers that Nordea should report to the tax authority.

The customer needs to answer the questions asked by the bank/other financial institutions. If the customer is liable to tax in one or more countries other than the bank country, we might ask the customer to fill out a self-certification. In this self-certification the customer should provide their tax residencies and TIN(s) ("Taxpayer Identification Number").

If the customer does not answer the questions and/or don’t fill in  a self-certification when asked, the bank may be obliged to report the customers to the tax authorities as tax resident in another country than the bank country.

If the customer by will (intentionally) provides false or leaves out data in its self-certification, the customer can in some countries be fined or imprisoned.

The term Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), or similar, is a unique combination of letters or numbers assigned by a jurisdiction to an individual or an entity for tax administration purposes.

Some jurisdictions do not issue a TIN. If so, the customer must state so. However, most countries issue TIN and if that is the case, the customer must provide its TIN. 

Please note that the customer in certain situations may not have a TIN and must in such cases apply for a TIN according to local regulations.

Further details on jurisdiction specific TIN formats can be found at Automatic Exchange PortalÖppnas i nytt fönster.

Nordea will start collecting information relating to CRS in the beginning of 2016. The first time Nordea will report under CRS is in 2017.

Dodd-Frank (“US restrictions”)

Under Dodd-Frank, it is the residence/domicile in the USA that is decisive. I e the requirements differ from FATCA (where also US citizenship is important). 

FATCA

In case the customer is tax resident in the U.S, i.e. holds a U.S. Citizenship or e.g. “green card”, FATCA (the national laws implementing FATCA) will apply. Under these laws the customer have to provide a self-certification including TIN, etc. You can find more detailed information about FATCA on nordea.com. FATCA is applicable to both natural and legal persons.

CRS

The CRS regulation affects customers with a tax residency other than the bank country. The CRS is applicable to both natural and legal persons.

With respect to the year 2016 and onwards on an annual basis, the Nordea will report the following information starting in 2017:

• balance/value on depository accounts, custodial accounts, insurances and fund accounts
• information about interest, dividends and other returns
• gross proceeds and gross amounts (for example from sale of securities and equity and/or funds), and redemption payments.

For "Passive Non-Financial Entities", we will also report the beneficial owners/controlling persons that have a tax residency other than the bank country.

The following accounts are considered to be Excluded accounts (no reporting):

• pension related insurances and pension savings accounts which meet certain criteria
• accounts held by estate, 
• escrow accounts and,
• accounts held by publicly traded corporations or a related entity of such publicly traded corporation

A customer who is liable to submit a tax return where he/she has a tax residency but has not submitted a tax return, should submit a tax return afterwards. 

If a person voluntarily submits a tax return via a posteriori (self-correcting), any penalties are normally lighter compared to if a tax authority discovers any failure to submit a tax return and pay taxes.

Credit of tax, to avoid double taxation, may in some cases be allowed for income taxed in another country. This depends on whether there is a double taxation treaty between the countries in question.

We should recommend the customer to contact a tax advisor in case the customer needs assistance with correcting a tax return or has questions how this procedure works. Generally, we may recommend any of the major accounting firms (PwC, EY, Deloitte, KPMG) as they usually have local contacts in all countries and can handle any issues that may come up because of the tax liability in another country.

A company (other than a financial institution) is considered active if the company’s:

1. income to more than 50% comes from sales of goods and services and
2. whose assets more than 50% is attributable to business activities relating to the sale of goods and services

Active companies includes, for example:

• A company whose revenue to more than 50% derives from manufacturing and/or sale of goods and/or services.
• A listed company or a related company (subsidiary/affiliate) of a listed company
• Governmental entities/units and international organizations and companies owned exclusively by such entities
• Foundations, non-profit organizations, registered religious communities and other legal entities that are exempt from tax under Chapter 7. 3-17 §§ in the Swedish Income Tax Law

A company (which is not a financial company) is considered passive if:

• more than 50% of its income is passive or
• more than 50% of its assets are those that generate passive income.

Passive income can be, for example, dividends and interest. It can also be rent and royalties if the company does not have employees. Further, it may be annuities (often related to life insurances), capital gains/profits on the sale of assets/property that can produce passive income, certain insurance return or payment/redemption.

A financial institution is a company which is a depositary institution (typically companies that manage depository accounts), custodial institutions (companies offering custodial accounts or similar to customers), investment entities (typically investment funds) or an insurance company which offers savings products such as an endowment insurance.

The term beneficial owner/controlling person mean the natural persons who exercise control over an entity. For this purpose control includes direct or indirect ownership of more than 25 per cent of the entity’s financial assets.

A passive NFE must state whether it has any beneficial owner(s) who are resident in a country other than the bank country. 

In case there is a beneficial owner with a tax residence in another country than the bank country, Nordea is obliged to report the legal entity and the beneficial owner to the tax authorities.